Published online 11 April 2008 | Nature | doi:10.1038/news.2008.751

Brain makes decisions before you even know it

Brain activity predicts decisions before they are consciously made

Think it over: your brain might pre-empt your consciousness when deciding what to do. Punchstock

Your brain makes up its mind up to ten seconds before you realize it, according to researchers. By looking at brain activity while making a decision, the researchers could predict what choice people would make before they themselves were even aware of having made a decision.

The work calls into question the ‘consciousness’ of our decisions and may even challenge ideas about how ‘free’ we are to make a choice at a particular point in time.

We think our decisions are conscious, but these data show that consciousness is just the tip of the iceberg,” says John-Dylan Haynes, a neuroscientist at the Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences in Leipzig, Germany, who led the study.

The results are quite dramatic,” says Frank Tong, a neuroscientist at Vanderbilt University in Nashville, Tennessee. Ten seconds is "a lifetime” in terms of brain activity, he adds.

On the button

Haynes and his colleagues imaged the brains of 14 volunteers while they performed a decision-making task. The volunteers were asked to press one of two buttons when they felt the urge to. Each button was operated by a different hand. At the same time, a stream of letters were presented on a screen at half-second intervals, and the volunteers had to remember which letter was showing when they decided to press their button.

When the researchers analysed the data, the earliest signal the team could pick up started seven seconds before the volunteers reported having made their decision. Because of there is a delay of a few seconds in the imaging, this means that the brain activity could have begun as much as ten seconds before the conscious decision. The signal came from a region called the frontopolar cortex, at the front of the brain, immediately behind the forehead.

This area may well be the brain region where decisions are initiated, says Haynes, who reports the results online in Nature Neuroscience.

The next step is to speed up the data analysis to allow the team to predict people's choices as their brains are making them.

Mind over matter

The results build on some well-known work on free will done in the 1980s by the late neurophysiologist Benjamin Libet, then at the University of California, San Francisco. Libet used a similar experimental set-up to Haynes, but with just one button and measuring electrical activity in his subjects' brains. He found that the regions responsible for movement reacted a few hundred milliseconds before a conscious decision was made.

But Libet's study has been criticized in the intervening decades for its method of measuring time, and because the brain response might merely have been a general preparation for movement, rather than activity relating to a specific decision.

Haynes and his team improved the method by asking people to choose between two alternatives — left and right. Because moving the left and right hands generates distinct brain signals, the researchers could show that activity genuinely reflected one of the two decisions.

But the experiment could limit how ‘free’ people’s choices really are, says Chris Frith, who studies consciousness and higher brain function at University College London. Although subjects are free to choose when and which button to press, the experimental set-up restricts them to only these actions and nothing more, he says. “The subjects hand over their freedom to the experimenter when they agree to enter the scanner," he says.

What might this mean, then, for the nebulous concept of free will? If choices really are being made several seconds ahead of awareness, “there’s not much space for free will to operate”, Haynes says.

But results aren't enough to convince Frith that free will is an illusion. “We already know our decisions can be unconsciously primed,” he says. The brain activity could be part of this priming, as opposed to the decision process, he adds.

Part of the problem is defining what we mean by ‘free will’. But results such as these might help us settle on a definition. It is likely that “neuroscience will alter what we mean by free will”, says Tong.

© 2008 Nature Publishing Group – partner of AGORA, HINARI, CrossRef and COUNTER


Font: http://www.nature.com/news/2008/080411/full/news.2008.751.html


Nuestro cerebro se adelanta a las decisiones que tomamos

Foto
   BERLIN/LEIPZIG, 15 Abr. (OTR/PRESS) -

   A finales de los años 60 un neurólogo estadounidense revolucionó la ciencia y la filosofía al argumentar, tras una exhaustiva investigación, que el libre albedrío del ser humano era una ilusión. Más de 20 años después, un grupo de científicos alemanes ha demostrado que las teorías de Benjamin Libet podrían ser más que acertadas, tras descubrir que lo que creemos son decisiones conscientes y, por tanto, voluntarias, se gestan con anterioridad y de forma inconsciente en una región del cerebro. Es decir, hasta siete segundos antes de que nosotros decidamos si hoy nos vestiremos de rojo o de azul, nuestro cerebro ya sabe qué color elegiremos.

   La investigación, recogida en el último número de la revista 'Nature Neuroscience' ha sido llevada a cabo por científicos del Instituto Max Planck para la Cognosis Humana y la Neurociencia de Leipzig (Alemania) en colaboración con el Centro Bernstein para la Neurociencia Computacional de Berlín. Encabezados por el profesor John-Dylan Haynes, los científicos utilizaron un escáner cerebral para investigar qué sucede en un cerebro humano en los momentos previos a la toma de una decisión, y descubrieron que el resultado final de esa decisión puede predecirse segundos antes gracias a la actividad inconsciente del cerebro.

   "Muchos procesos en el cerebro ocurren de forma automática y sin que esté involucrada nuestra consciencia. Eso previene que nuestra mente se vea saturada por tareas rutinarias simples. Pero en lo que se refiere a las decisiones, tendemos a asumir que las tomamos de forma consciente. Eso es lo que queda cuestionado por nuestros descubrimientos", señalan los investigadores en declaraciones a la revista científica recogidas por otr/press. "Descubrimos que el resultado de una decisión puede ser descifrada en la actividad cerebral del cortex parietal y prefrontal hasta diez segundos antes de ser consciente", aseguran.

   A juicio de los investigadores, ese trabajo previo del cerebro podría "reflejar las operaciones de una red de áreas de control de alto nivel que empiezan a prepararse para un decisión por llegar mucho tiempo antes de que se convierta en algo consciente". En el estudio, los participantes podían elegir libremente si querían tocar un botón con la mano derecha o con la izquierda, pero, una vez tomada la decisión, debían recordar en qué momento habían elegido una u otra mano para presionar el interruptor. Los científicos descubrieron entonces que, gracias a las señales y a la actividad cerebral, podrían predecir, hasta siete segundos antes, qué decisión iba a tomar cada uno de los participantes.

   EL LIBRE ALBEDRÍO, A DEBATE

   Esta predicción sin precedentes de la decisiones conscientes y voluntarias de un ser humano fue posible gracias a la utilización de sofisticados programas informáticos preparados para reconocer los patrones de actividad cerebral típicos que preceden a cada una de las dos decisiones entre mano derecha o mano izquierda. Hace más de 20 años, el neurólogo estadounidense Benjamin Libet halló una señal cerebral que denominó 'preparación potencial' que se producía una fracción de segundo antes de una decisión consciente. Los experimentos que llevó a cabo en torno a este descubrimiento fueron controvertidos y levantaron un gran debate en torno a si el libre albedrío del ser humano era simplemente una ilusión.

   Desde el punto de vista de las investigaciones de Libet, es el cerebro el que toma las decisiones, no el ser humano consciente. Ahora, el equipo de Haynes se plantea ir más allá: "Nuestro estudio demuestra que las decisiones se preparan inconscientemente mucho tiempo antes de lo que pensábamos previamente, pero todavía no sabemos dónde se forma la decisión final. Necesitamos investigar dónde esa decisión tomada por esas áreas cerebrales puede ser modificada". Los científicos saben que su cerebro ya sabe cuál va a ser su siguiente paso en la investigación, pero el lector todavía no es consciente de que su cerebro ya está maquinando que es lo que va a hacer cuando acabe de leer esta frase.


Font: http://www.europapress.es/salud/noticia-cerebro-adelanta-decisiones-tomamos-20080415204947.html



Brief Communication abstract

Nature Neuroscience 11, 543 - 545 (2008)
Published online: 13 April 2008 | doi:10.1038/nn.2112

Unconscious determinants of free decisions in the human brain

Chun Siong Soon1,2, Marcel Brass1,3, Hans-Jochen Heinze4 & John-Dylan Haynes1,2

There has been a long controversy as to whether subjectively 'free' decisions are determined by brain activity ahead of time. We found that the outcome of a decision can be encoded in brain activity of prefrontal and parietal cortex up to 10 s before it enters awareness. This delay presumably reflects the operation of a network of high-level control areas that begin to prepare an upcoming decision long before it enters awareness.


  1. Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Stephanstrasse 1A, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
  2. Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience, Haus 6, Philippstrasse 13, 10115 Berlin, Germany.
  3. Department of Experimental Psychology and Ghent Institute for Functional and Metabolic Imaging, Ghent University, Henri Dunantlaan 2, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
  4. Department of Neurology II, Otto-von-Guericke University, Leipziger Strasse 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany.

Correspondence to: John-Dylan Haynes1,2 e-mail: haynes@bccn-berlin.de


Origen: http://www.nature.com/neuro/journal/v11/n5/abs/nn.2112.html